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| 1700 |
| | | Poland, Russia and Denmark attack Sweden, beginning the 21-year Northern War | |
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| c. 1700 |
| | | Peter the Great sets up numerous schools and commercial enterprises to enable Russia to compete in Europe | |
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| 1703 |
| | | Peter the Great falls for a Lithuanian serf, Catherine, who becomes his life-long companion | |
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| 1703 |
| | | Peter the Great founds the port and city of St Petersburg, giving Russia access to the Baltic | |
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| 1712 |
| | | The tsar formally marries Catherine, his mistress for nearly ten years (though they may have married secretly five years earlier) | |
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| 1718 |
| | | The tsarevitch Alexis, heir to Peter the Great, dies from violence inflicted on him in prison | |
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| 1721 |
| | | In the treaty of Nystad Sweden cedes Estonia to Russia together with most of Latvia (the rest of which soon follows) | |
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| 1721 |
| | | With the transfer of Swedish territory on the Baltic coast, Russia becomes the dominant power in the region | |
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| 1721 |
| | | In a ceremony in St Petersburg's cathedral Peter the Great has himself proclaimed 'emperor of all Russia' | |
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| 1725 |
| | | The Russian tsar Peter the Great dies and is succeeded by his wife as the empress Catherine I | |
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